世界主要发达国家及发展中国家矿业开发现状及政策概况

矿产资源是世界各国社会和经济发展的基础 ,也是一些超级大国极力争夺的对象。随着世界经济全球化的发展趋势和社会科学技术进步 ,世界矿产资源和矿业在向可持续发展调整和转变。许多国家为了保证矿业的可持续发展和矿产品的可持续供应 ,从 2 0世纪 90年代起 ,纷纷对各自的矿产资源政策进行调整和修改 ,以适应世界经济全球化和可持续发展的新形势。我们选择研究了一些有代表性的发达国家 ,如美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本、南非 ;发展中国家 ,如巴西、智利、秘鲁、印度和经济转轨国家 ,如俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古 ,从这些国家的矿产资源和…     

利用地下水动力学解析法计算回采工作面涌水量

在综合分析山东兖州兴隆庄煤矿4326综放工作面井下瞬变电磁探测资料、矿井和相邻工作面水文地质资料的基础上,确定了工作面顶板砂岩含水层的水文地质参数,采用地下水动力学解析法计算工作面涌水量.经验证其计算结果与实际基本相符.     

Ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation of asphaltenes and oil-source correlation of heavy oils from the Lunnan and Tahe oilfields in the Tarim Basin, NW China

The identification of marine source rocks in the Tarim Basin is debated vigorously. The intention of this paper is to investigate the asphahenes in heavy oils from the Lunnan and Tabe oilfields and Well TD2 with ruthenium-ions-catalyzed oxidation technique (RICO), in order to explore its role in oil-oil and oil-source correlations, The RICO products included n-alkanoic acids, α,ω-di-n-alkanoic acids, branched alkanoic acids, tricyclic terpanoic acids, hopanoic acids, gammacerane carboxylic acid , regular sterane carboxylic acids and 4-methylsterane carboxylic acids. The n-alkyl chains and biomarkers bounded on the asphaltenes were of unsusceptibility to biodegradation. The distribution and absolute concentrations of n-alkanoic acids in the RICO products of heavy oils from the Lunnan and Tabe oilfields are different from those of Well TD2. The biomarkers bounded on the asphahenes, especially steranes, have a distribution trend similar to that of the counterparts in saturates. The sterane carboxylic acids and 4-methylsterane carboxylic acids in the RICO products of heavy oils from the Lunnan and Tahe oilfields, dominated by C30 sterane and C31 4-methylsterane carboxylic acids, respectively, are significantly different from those of the heavy oils of Well TD2, whose dominating sterane and 4-methylsterane carboxylic acids are C28 sterane and C29 4-methylsterane acids, respectively. The RICO products of the asphaltenes further indicate that the Middle-Upper Ordovician may be the main source rocks for heavy oils from the Lunnan and Tabe oilfields.     

Microthermometric measurement of fluid inclusions and its constraints on genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series, southern China

Systematic microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic deposits hosted in the Lower Cambrian black rock series in southern China were performed, and the results suggest: (1) there exist two types of fluid inclusions. TypeⅠis of NaCl-H2O system with low-medium salinity, and its homogenization temperatures (Th) and salinities are 106.9- 286.4℃ and ( 0.8- 21.8) wt%NaCl eq. respectively; TypeⅡ is of CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system with medium-high salinities, and its homogenization temperatures and salinities range from 120.1℃ to 269.6℃ and ( 11.4- 31.4) wt%NaCl eq., respectively. The typeⅡ fluid inclusions have been discovered for the first time in this kind of deposits; (2) two generations of ore-forming fluids were recognized. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the PGE-polymetallic ores and carbonate-quartz stockworks in the underlying phosphorites are almost of no difference, they may represent ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenic stage. The peak value of homogenization temperature of those fluid inclusions is about 170℃, while their salinities possess a remarkable bimodal distribution pattern with two peak values of (27-31) wt%NaCl eq. and (4-6) wt%NaCl eq. On the contrary, fluid inclusions in the carbonate-quartz veins in the hanging wall may represent ore-forming fluids at the post-metallogenetic stage. The homogenization temperatures and the peak values of salinities are mostly 130-170℃ and (12-14) wt%NaCl eq., respectively; (3) nobel gas isotopic composition analyses in combination with the microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions suggest that the ore-forming fluids at the main metallogenetic stage were probably derived from mixing of basinal hot brines with the CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system and seawater with the NaCl-H2O system; (4) in the Early Cambrian, the basinal hot brines were trapped in the Caledonian basins, which were distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton, and where giant thick sediments were accumulated, and expelled and migrated laterally along the strata because of the pressure caused by overlying sediments. The basinal hot brines absorbed Ni, Mo, V, PGE from the surrounding rocks and were transformed into ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids with the CaCl2-NaCl-H2O system and medium-high salinities, then ascended along faults and mixed with seawater of the NaCl-H2O system, and finally PGE-polymetallic deposits or occurrences were formed in the black rock series.     

挖掘朗读功能 提高课堂效果

朗读是一种十分重要的教学方法，其具体方式很多，如大家齐声朗读、分组对抗朗读、个人美声朗读、快速朗读、慢速朗读、同一内容反复朗读等等。在课堂教学中注重挖掘朗读功能，善于运用朗读手段，会使课堂充满生机，突出教学重点，突破教学难点，提高课堂教学效果。     

塔里木盆地西部古盐岩同位素地球化学与成钾预测研究

我国钾盐资源紧缺，寻找优质大型钾盐矿床一直是国家资源普查的重要目标这一。塔里木盆地在其地史发展过程中，曾与广海相通，多期海水的侵入和间断，以及适宜的构造、古地里环境具备成钾的基本地质条件，因此一直被列为我国寻找古钾矿的重点地区。为了更准备地判断其成盐的海陆相特征，即成盐物质的主要来源，以及岩盐沉积之前的古卤水蒸发浓缩阶段，预测更有前景的成钾远景区，论文选择了蒸发岩沉积序列中的石膏及石盐矿物，分别分析了其硫同位素及氯同位素分布特征。结果表明，非还原环境下沉积的石膏硫同位素可以准确判断盐岩沉积的海相、陆相和海陆交互沉积特征，氯同位素可以判断岩盐的沉积阶段。应用这两个同位素新指标分析，塔里木盆地西部喀什次级构造凹陷晚白垩世盐岩沉积接近海相沉积类型，而且岩盐沉积阶段较晚，是一最有利成钾远景区。     

思茅境内澜沧江径流变化量与云南气候变化的关系

以思茅澜沧江流域下游思茅境内水文站1960年1月～2001年12月的逐月径流量和云南的月雨量(气温)场格点资料为基础,用相关分析的方法,研究了思茅境内澜沧江流域的东西部径流量变化及其与云南气候变化的关系。结论为:思茅境内澜沧江下游流域的径流量变化与滇西南的降水量变化有显著的相关关系,其季节特征为春夏季较好,秋冬季次之;与元江河谷一带的气温变化也有显著的反相关关系,其中西部流域还与滇南的气温变化有显著的相关关系,其季节特征则为冬春季较好,夏秋季不显著。20世纪80年代以来,该流域的气温变化呈上升趋势,且西部升温的上升趋势更显著,气温上升对径流量的变化起减小的作用;20世纪90年代以来,该流域的东西部降水量变化出现了显著的差异,其东部的降水量明显增多,与此相一致,其东部径流量变化的增幅也明显大于其西部。     

继往开来、创新跨越、再铸辉煌--在中国科学院青海盐湖研究所成立40周年庆祝大会上的主题发言

伴随着我国盐湖资源开发前进的脚步，中国科学院青海盐湖研究所走过了40年的历程。今天，我们迎来了盐湖所建所40周年这个喜庆的日子。在此，我谨代表盐湖所党政领导班子和全所职工，向40年来关注、关心、关怀我所建设与发展、给予我所信任、支持、厚爰的领导、专家和各界朋友们；     

基于地理国情普查与监测的富平县露天采掘场开发利用与发展研究

以陕西省富平县为研究区,基于2011、2013和2015年3期地理国情普查数据,采用现状分析、变化分析、区域差异分析和区位分析4种分析方法,以资源环境的可持续发展为立足点,研究近年来富平县露天采掘场的开发利用现状与发展,并提出了相应的建议,最后探讨了露天采掘场对经济效益的影响。结果表明:研究方法具有一定的参考指导价值,研究结果可为富平县露天采掘场的合理开采以及相关部门辅助决策提供科学依据和重要参考。     

等式约束病态模型的截断奇异值解及其统计性质

利用平差模型间合理的先验信息能够显著提高解的稳定性和精度。本文基于病态模型引入等式约束条件,并采用截断奇异值法重构了系数阵以削弱其病态性;建立了修正等式约束模型,导出了病态模型的约束截断奇异值解及其偏差、方差以及均方误差公式;分析了截掉奇异值所引起解的偏差引入量与方差下降量的关系,得到了确定截断参数的条件。数值算例和病态测边网算例分析结果表明,最小二乘解严重偏离真值,500次模拟实验的平均RMSE为6.693 5,正则化解和截断奇异值解精度较最小二乘解有所提高,平均RMSE分别为0.365 8和0.365 2;本文提出的约束截断奇异值解的精度最高,与约束正则化解精度相当,其平均RMSE仅为0.057 3。